英文段落寫作:主題句 (topic sentence)

Jacky
8 min readJan 2, 2022

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在英文文章中,一個段落 (paragraph) 通常包含三部分:主題句 (topic sentence)、支持句 (supporting sentence)、結論句 (concluding sentence)。

小編今天來介紹當中最重要的主題句 (topic sentence),在介紹前先列出幾個主題句讓大家觀察一下主題句是什麼樣子:

1. Cats are very good pets for several reasons.

2. Our school’s dress code policy has many negative consequences for girls.

3. The world population is strongly impacted by a lack of access to water.

主題句是一個段落裡最重要的一句話,通常是一個段落的第一句,指出一個段落的主旨與目的並設立其基調,讓讀者一開始就可以知道此一段落主要談論的內容為何、對此一段落有基本的掌握與理解,也預示和引導了段落的組織安排與內容發展,以方便讀者接下來的閱讀。

一個主題句通常包含二個部分:主題 (topic) + 主題論述 (controlling idea)

主題 (topic) 即是此一段落主要討論的內容,通常以一個名詞概括,如:convenience foods, U.S. cuisine, owning an automobile, communicating with colleagues 等。

主題論述 (controlling idea) 則表達寫作者對於此一主題的討論焦點 (特定看法與論點)、限定此一主題特定的討論範圍、並預示與引導寫作者對於此一主題的論述與發展方向,幫助讀者了解此一段落的寫作目的。主題論述不能只是一個事實陳述,或是大家都知道的事 (如喝水有益身體健康、圖書館裡有書),因為事實沒什麼好討論的,主題論述需要表達寫作者對於一個議題特定的態度、立場與可以討論的觀點。

舉例來說:

Communicating with colleagues requires sensitivity and understanding.

此一主題句的主題為 communicating with colleagues。與同事溝通的主題範圍很廣泛,若只看主題的話,讀者無法知道倒底具體來說是要討論溝通的什麼。加上主題論述 requires sensitivity and understanding 後,又進一步將主題聚焦、限縮其範圍到特別討論「敏感度」與「理解」的重要,預示讀者接下來將解釋與支持敏感度與理解為何特別重要,用以說服讀者敏感度與理解在與同事溝同上的重要性。其動詞 requires 則表達出了寫作者的態度與看法,認為敏感度與理解特別重要。

以下舉出一些主題句的例子,並將主題標上〔〕的符號、主題論述標上{}的符號,以清楚看出主題與主題論述的關聯。

1. 〔Convenience foods〕 are {easy to prepare}.

2. {Immigrants have contributed many delicious foods to}〔 U.S. cuisine〕.

3. 〔Improving online social networks〕 {can help professionals communicate}.

4. {It is an expensive luxury} 〔to own an automobile in a large city〕

5. 〔Moving away from home〕 {can be a stressful experience for young people}.

6. 〔Owning an automobile〕 {is a necessity for me}.

那要如何寫出好的主題句呢?

好的主題句不能太攏統或太偏狹,須拿捏廣泛與具體間的平衡,清楚地說明整個段落的重點,但不包含實際的細節。

舉例來說, Credit cards are useful. 就過於籠統,讓讀者不清楚到底要討論信用卡的什麼,若改為 Credit cards are useful on international trips. 才有更明確的討論面向,讓人更清楚知道此一段落的討論焦點在於信用卡在國際旅遊的使用。而 Credit cards were invented in 1950. 又太過具體,難有進一步論述的空間,因此較適合作為支持句用以闡述 credit cards 歷史相關的主題,該文章的主題句可能為 The invention of credit cards improves people’s transaction.。

又如 Tea is delicious. 也太過籠統,沒有一個清楚的討論焦點,需要寫得更具體,如 Green tea has many health benefits. 聚焦在綠茶的健康益處討論。

This dictionary contains about 42000 words. 則太過偏狹而侷限,僅為一個事實與特定的細節,已經沒有什麼可以發展的內容了,比較適合當作支持句,支持像是 This dictionary is just for beginners. 的主題句,一本只含有四萬多字的字典字彙量確實不算多,較為初級。

一個好的主題句也可以有段落間轉承的功能,通順地串聯各個段落。因此寫主題句時需要思考此一段落與前後段落的邏輯關聯性。

如果一個段落要進一步談論與前一個段落相同面向的內容,可以使用表達強調與相似的轉承詞 (furthermore, likewise, indeed, in fact, also, another ) 來帶出這樣的主題句,如:

1. Indeed, cattle farming alone is responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Another way to reduce teen pregnancy rates is improved education.

3. Likewise, graduating from high school is important for many different reasons.

如果一個段落要談論的是反面的資訊,可以使用表達轉折的轉承詞 ( in contrast, however, yet, on the other hand) 來帶出這樣的主題句,如:

However, the environmental costs of dietary choices are not always clear-cut; in some cases, small-scale livestock farming is more sustainable than plant-based food production.

如果一個段落要談論一個主題的另一個面向,其主題句可以先簡短地總結前一個段落的內容,再指出此一段落將談論的新內容,如:

1. While beef clearly has the most dramatic footprint, other animal products also have serious impacts in terms of emissions, water and land use.

2. Even though having a baby can be a joyful event, having a first child is difficult because of the significant adjustments in your life.

3. Because there are so many options out there, remodeling a kitchen requires research and a good eye.

4. While purchasing real estate can be a good investment, it is important to be ready before buying a house.

結語:寫好主題句是寫好英文寫作重要的一步

References: Longman Academic Writing Series, Great Writing, Inside Writing, Effective Academic Writing, Style: from reading to writing,

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/topic-sentences/......

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-topic......

https://www.indeed.com/....../how-to-write-a-topic-sentence

https://www.rit.edu/....../paragraph/process/sentence

https://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/....../Advanced/wt/wt_11.htm

https://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/4514

https://www.theclassroom.com/start-good-book-report......

https://classroom.synonym.com/identify-topic......

https://www.myaccess.com/myaccess/help_resources/2.04.html

https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/topic-sentences/

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Jacky

本部落格旨在分享英文寫作資訊,從經典英文寫作書籍綜合整理英文寫作的風格與技巧,並從國際知名新聞雜誌當中分析實例,以供學習者參考